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英語基礎語法：過去完成時

一、構成方法

由 had 加動詞的過去分詞構成�！　　�

二、用法說明

■表示在過去某一時刻或某一動作之前已經完成了的動作，即“過去的過去”。如：

She said she had never been to Paris. 她說她從未去過巴黎。

When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到達時，小偷們早就跑了。

By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二歲那年，愛迪生開始自己謀生。

注意：過去完成時是一種相對時態，一定要有一個作參照的過去時間或過去動作作比較，否則，就不能用過去完成時。但下列3種情況雖然有是先后發生的兩個過去動詞，卻同用一般過去時：

1. 先后發生的一系列動作，但并不強調先后時，最后兩個動詞用then，and，but 等連接。如：

On Saturday afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited her cousin. 星期六下午，格林夫人去了市場，買了些香蕉，然后去看望了她的表姐。

2. 兩個動作是緊接著發生的，可用一般過去時。如：

When I heard the news, I was very excited. 我聽到那個消息時，非常高興。

3. 敘述歷史事實，可用一般過去時。如：

Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492. 我們老師告訴我們哥倫布于1492年發現了美洲。

■表示從過去某一時刻開始一直延續到另一過去時刻的動作或狀態。跟現在完成時一樣，也常與 how long, for three days, before 等表示一段時間的狀語連用。如：

When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour. 當杰克到來時，他才了解到瑪麗已經離開差不多一個小時了。

■表示未曾實現的希望或打算。表示希望或打算的動詞，如hope, want, expect, think, suppose, plan, mean, intend等的過去完成時，后接不定式to do時，表示未曾實現的希望或打算，即“本來希望或打算做某事(但卻沒做) ”。如：

I had hoped to send him a Christmas card，but I forgot to do so. 我本來希望寄給他一張圣誕卡的，但我忘了寄了。

I had intended to come over to see you last night，but someone called and I couldn’t get away. 昨晚我本想去看你的，但有人來了我走不開。

■用于下列4個特殊句型中：

1. hardly…when…, no sooner…than…

2. It/ That /This was the first time that…

3. It was+時間段+since…(from m.52ysedu.com)

4. …than sb. had thought /expected /hoped /wanted等。

Hardly had I opened the door when he told me. 我剛開開門，他就告訴了我。

He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他剛買了這輛車，轉眼又賣了。

It was the second time he had been out with her. 這是他第二次和她一道出去。

It was more than a year now since he had seen her. 他上次見她以來已經一年多了。

We arrived earlier than we had expected. 我們到得比預料的早。