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《that用法新探》(下)

■本站特約作者  李  翔

五、連詞that

5.1引言

連詞that根據(jù)其動能，可分為名詞性從屬連詞that和副詞性從屬連詞that。名詞性從屬連詞that用來引導名詞性從句，其作用相當于名詞，在復合句充當主語、賓語、表語和同位語，其引導的從句分別為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句。連詞that在復合句中只起連接作用，沒有任何意義，因此也不充當任何句子成分。有些情況下可以省略。例如：

That the moon has no light of its own is well-known. (主語從句)

All of us know (that) the moon has no light of its own. (賓語從句)

The reason is that the moon has no light of its own. (表語從句)

The fact that the moon has no light of its own is well-known. (同位語從句)

副詞性從屬連詞that用來引導副詞性從句，其作用相當于副詞，在復合句中充當狀語，因此又叫作狀語從句。

5.2連詞that引導主語從句

顧名思義，連詞that引導的主語從句應放在主語的位置(即句首) 作主語，that沒有任何意思，在句中也不充當任何成分，但卻不可以省略。例如：That she should be ungrateful cut him to the heart.

That he is honest is undeniable.

That matter is composed of particles leaves no room for doubt.

這種結(jié)構(gòu)通常用在正式文體中，目的是強調(diào)that從句。因此，更普通的結(jié)構(gòu)是把that從句放在句末，另外用it放在主語位置而形成“It…that從句”結(jié)構(gòu)。其中that從句稱為真正主語 (Real Subject) ，it稱為形式主語(Formal Subject) ， that有時可以省略。下列各組中兩句話的意思完全相同，只是使用的場合有別而已：

That he will come today is quite possible.

It’s quite possible (that) he will come today is quite possible.

That some women do not earn equal pay for equal work is unfair. 

It’s unfair (that) some women do not earn equal pay for equal work.

“It…that從句”有下列幾種不同的搭配形式。

5.2.1.1  It+v-link+形容詞+ that從句，that經(jīng)常省略。

常用的v-link 有：appear，be, become, feel, look, prove, remain, seem。

根據(jù)John Sinclair主編的COLLINS COBUILD GRAMMAR PATTERNS2: NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES(上海外語教育出版社 2000年11月第1版) P480-484，“It+v-link+形容詞+ that從句”可分為以下八種：

1. THE ‘LIKELY’ GROUP 

These adjectives indicate whether something is likely or true, or not. 

(1) arguable  可證實的；可論證的

It’s arguable that the legislation has had little effect on young people’s behaviour. 

(2) axiomatic 不言而喻的；不證自明的

It is axiomatic that as people grow older they generally become less agile.

(3) believable可信的

In the periods of Wei and Jin, being buried in homeland was very popular. It was more believable that he was buried in his homeland Jurong, which was also recorded in literatures. 

(4) certain必然的；必定的；肯定的

It is certain that Rodney arrived the previous day. 

(5) conceivable可想到的；可想象的；可以相信的

It is just conceivable that a single survivor might be found.

(5) correct對的，正確的

He believes that it is correct that he is.他相信他是正確的。

(6) definite 明確的；確定的

It is definite that your dog has been poisoned, sir. Again, can you tell me with whom you have had differences lately?  

(7) demonstrable可證明的；可論證的；可表明的；明顯的

By the way, it is demonstrable that the American people are working harder than they were 20 years ago…

(8) doubtful未必的；不大可能的

For a time it seemed doubtful that he would move at all... 

(9) false不正確的；虛假的；錯誤的

It is false that only a person in authority is an authority.

(10) feasible可行的；行得通的；做得到的

That may be fine for the US, but it’s not feasible for a mass European market.

(11) guaranteed有保證的；確定的

It’s guaranteed that my colleagues think I’m deranged...

(12) imaginable可想像的；可能的

It is scarcely imaginable that it should be otherwise.

(13) implausible難以置信的；不像真實的

It seems implausible that the projects would have gone ahead without her backing.

(14) impossible不可能的；做不到的

It is impossible that a body not have natural motion but only that of the animals.

(15) improbable不大可能的；未必會(發(fā)生) 的

It seems improbable that this year’s figure will fall much below last year’s 75,000. 

(16) inconceivable不能想象的；不可思議的

It was inconceivable to me that Toby could have been my attacker...

(17) incontestable無可爭辯的，不可否認的；不容置辯

After all, it is simply incontestable that Melville presents him as a man of admirable balance: brave but modest, firmly in control of his men without being overbearing, studious without being pedantic.

(18) incontrovertible無可辯駁的；不容置疑的；無可否認的

It is incontrovertible that race relations in the American military services have improved enormously.

(19) incredible不可思議的；難以置信的

It is incredible that they have been allowed to go this far.

(incredible=impossible or very difficult to believe)

(20) indisputable無可爭辯的；不容置疑的

It is indisputable that birds in the UK are harbouring this illness...

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