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關(guān)閉窗口 15. V-ing and V-ed2 (Present and past participle
15.1 as pre-modifier and post modifier in a noun phrase 現(xiàn)在分詞和過(guò)去分詞)
15.2 as complement(作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ))
* 15.3 as an adverb clause equivalent(作狀語(yǔ))
* 15.4 When / while, etc. + V-ing / V-ed2 (When / While 等加現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞)
* 15.5 (with) N + V-ing / V-ed2 ( [ with ] 名詞加現(xiàn)在分詞或過(guò)去分詞 )
* 15.6 Dangling V-ing as adverb clause equivalent(無(wú)歸屬現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ))
* 15.7 being + V-ed2, having + V-ed2, having been + V-ed2 as an adverb or adjective clause equivalent(現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式、完成式和完成被動(dòng)式作狀語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ))
16. Basic sentence patterns and sentence elements（基本句型和句子成份）
Pattern 1: S + V
Pattern 2: S + V + Cs
Pattern 3: S + V + O
Pattern 4: S + V + Oi + Od
Pattern 5: S + V + Od + Co
17. Transformation of basic sentence pattern（基本句型轉(zhuǎn)換）
17.1 Interrogative form（疑問(wèn)形式）
17.2 Negative form（否定形式）
17.3 Passive form（被動(dòng)形式）
18. There be (There be結(jié)構(gòu))
18.1 There is / are / was / were + N + Adv
*18. 2 There will (modal) be / exist(s) / seem(s) to be / appear(s) to be + N + Adv
*18.3 There is / are + N + Adj / V-ing / V-ed2 / to V / relative clause（定語(yǔ)從句)
*19. Agreement（一致關(guān)系）
19.1 Subject and Verb（主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的一致關(guān)系）
19.2 Pronoun and antecedent（代詞和其先行詞的一致關(guān)系）
20. Noun clause（名詞從句)
20.1 that and omission of that, which(ever), who(ever), whom, whose
*20.2 when, where, why, how, how much / many / long / often
*20.3 whether, if
*20.4 what(ever)
*20.5 what (=the thing which)
21. Relative clause（定語(yǔ)從句)
21.1 Restrictive and non-restrictive（限制性和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句)
21.2 that, which, who, whom, when, where, why
* 21.3 whose
*.21.4 Omission of that / which (that / which的省略)
*21.5 (N / Pron + ) Prep + which / whom / whose
*21.6 the same / such…as
*.21.7 that (relative adverb) and its omission（關(guān)系副詞that及其省略)
*21.8 which / as (with sentential antecedent) (which / as指代句子)
22. Apposition (同位)
22.1 Noun (phrase) in apposition（名詞[短語(yǔ)]的同位語(yǔ))
22.2 Appositive clause（同位語(yǔ)從句)
22.3 Noun phrase appositive to clause（名詞短語(yǔ)作句子的同位語(yǔ))
e.g.… an example of what we call…
22.4 Explicit indicators of apposition（引出同位關(guān)系的明示標(biāo)識(shí)詞）
e.g. that is (to say), for example
23. Clause of time and space（時(shí)間從句和地點(diǎn)從句）
23.1 when(ever), while, as, after, before, since
*23.2 where(ever)
*23.3 until, till
*23.4 once, the moment, as soon as, each time, immediately (that), no sooner…than
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