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重點(diǎn)中學(xué)英語語法講義-強(qiáng)調(diào)句
一、概說
英語中表示強(qiáng)調(diào)的方式很多，如口語可用重讀來表示強(qiáng)調(diào)，書面語中表示強(qiáng)調(diào)則較多，如一個(gè)比較的簡(jiǎn)單的辦法就是在謂語動(dòng)詞前加do：
He does speak well! 他的確講得很精彩。
He did said that. 他的確說過那話。
有時(shí)也可將要強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分置一句首：
This the students can understand. 這一點(diǎn)學(xué)生們是理解的。
Standing beside the table was his son. 站在桌旁的是他的兒子。
本章討論的是使用It+be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that (who)…這一強(qiáng)調(diào)句型來表示強(qiáng)調(diào)。
二、強(qiáng)調(diào)句的基本結(jié)構(gòu)及用法
1. 基本結(jié)構(gòu)：It+be+被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分+that (who)…
He bought the book in this shop yesterday.
→It was he that bought the book in this shop yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)主語he)
→It was the book that he bought in this shop yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)賓語the book)
→It was in this shop that he bought the book yesterday. (強(qiáng)調(diào)地點(diǎn)狀語in this shop)
注：在該強(qiáng)調(diào)結(jié)構(gòu)中，it is (was)…that (who)…為結(jié)構(gòu)詞，它通常可以省略，而不影響句子的意思。
2. 關(guān)于that與who
當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指人時(shí)，可以用who代that；當(dāng)被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分指物時(shí)通常用that。注意：強(qiáng)調(diào)事物時(shí)，通常不宜用which來代that，另外當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)狀語時(shí)，通常也不能用when / where代that(尤其是當(dāng)這些狀語為介詞短語時(shí))。
3. 關(guān)于被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分
該強(qiáng)調(diào)句型中，被強(qiáng)調(diào)的成分除了是名詞、代詞、介詞短語等之外, 也可以是從句：
It is when he got back that he knew what had happened. 他回來后才知道所發(fā)生的情況。
It was because he loved my money that he married me. 他是因?yàn)閻畚业腻X才同我結(jié)了婚。
注：(1) 該句型可強(qiáng)調(diào)because引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句，但通常不能強(qiáng)調(diào)由 since, as引導(dǎo)的原因狀語從句，另外也不強(qiáng)調(diào)由although引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句。
(2) 該句型可以強(qiáng)調(diào)主語，但不強(qiáng)調(diào)表語。
三、兩種值得注意的強(qiáng)調(diào)句結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句的特殊疑問句形式
強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的陳述句形式和一般疑問句形式一般還好理解，但若以特殊疑問句形式出現(xiàn)，則很容易誤解。比較：
Jim told us the news.(非強(qiáng)調(diào)句)
It was Jim that told us the news.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的陳述句形式)
Was it Jim that told us the news.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的一般疑問句形式)
Who was it that told us the news.(強(qiáng)調(diào)句型的特殊疑問句形式)
特殊疑問句形式的強(qiáng)調(diào)句可視為對(duì)陳述句強(qiáng)調(diào)中的被強(qiáng)調(diào)成分提問得來，如對(duì)It was yesterday that he arrived. 這一句中的yesterday提問，即得到When was it that he arrived?
2. not...until用于強(qiáng)調(diào)句
其基本形式為It is (was) not until…that…。比較：
He didn’t come until his wife left. 他妻子走了之后他才來。
It was not until his wife left that he came. 他妻子走了之后他才來。
They didn’t start until the rain stopped. 直到雨停他們才出發(fā)。
It was not until the rain stopped that they started. 直到雨停他們才出發(fā)。
四、錯(cuò)誤判斷強(qiáng)調(diào)句的兩種情況
1. 將非強(qiáng)調(diào)句判為強(qiáng)調(diào)句
前面講到強(qiáng)調(diào)時(shí)間狀語時(shí)，通常要用it is…that…，而不用it is … when…，所以有的同學(xué)對(duì)于下題選擇了A：
It was ten o’clock ______ he came back.(m.52ysedu.com)
A. that B. when C. so D. which
其實(shí)此題最佳答案為B，這不是一個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)句型。When引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)時(shí)間狀語從句，全句意為“當(dāng)他回來時(shí)，時(shí)間是10點(diǎn)鐘”。比較以下強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：
It was at ten o’clock that he came back. 他是10點(diǎn)鐘回來的。
It was after ten o’clock that he came back. 他是在10點(diǎn)過后回來的。
It was before ten o’clock that he came back. 他是在10點(diǎn)前回來的。
再比較：
It is autumn when leaves fall. 當(dāng)樹葉落的時(shí)候就是秋天了。
It is in autumn that leaves fall. 樹在秋天落葉。
另外，下面的句子也不是強(qiáng)調(diào)句型：
(1) It’s a long time ______ I met you last.
A. that B. since C. when D. which
(2) It was more than a year now _____ he had seen her.
A. that B. since C. when D. which
(3) "Was it here _____ you were away talking to a friend?" "Sure. But when I got back there, it was gone."
A. that B. while C. which D. where
以上三題均選B，即前面兩句填since，其意為“自從”；第(3)填while，其意為“在…期間”。
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