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請仔細閱讀下列語篇，留意加粗的藍色詞的時態。為什么此句用了過去完成時，而彼句則用了一般過去時?
My friend, Andrew, had lived in a foreign country for many years before he returned to England . He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the countryside. He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there. Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for it was often bitterly cold. After so many years of sunshine, Andrew got a shock. He acted as if he had never lived in England before. In the end, it was more than he could bear. He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the countryside. The dream he had had for so many years ended there. Andrew made a big mistake because he had thought of everything except the weather.
我們以該語篇為例，進一步分析過去完成時的用法和含義：
首句My friend, Andrew, had lived in a foreign country for many years before he returned to England. 我朋友安德魯在回到英國之前，已在國外生活了多年。顯然，had lived 要早于returned.
He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down in the countryside. 在這句話中，had dreamed和had planned這兩個動作的參照物也是returned, 都早于returned.
在He had no sooner returned than he bought a house and went to live there.句子中， “had no sooner +過去分詞+than +一般過去時”這是一個常用句型。had returned跟bought似乎是同時發生，但也有先后，根據時態一看便知。
He acted as if he had never lived in England before.句中，had never lived屬于虛擬語氣。He had hardly had time to settle down when he sold the house and left the countryside.也是一個類似的句型。
在The dream he had had for so many years ended there.這個句子中，had had也有參照物ended, 夢想在先，結束在后。
最后一句Andrew made a big mistake because he had thought of everything except the weather. 不用說也明白，因果關系誰先誰后。所以，在because引導的原因從句中，其動作一定是早于主句中的動作的。
【考考你】
1. Tom was disappointed that most of the guests______ when he ______at the party.
A. left; had arrived B. left; arrived
C. had left; had arrived D. had left; arrived
2. By the time he was twenty, he ______ five novels.
A. wrote B. had written
C. has written D. was writing
3. How many English songs ______ by the end of last term?
A. did you learn B. have you learnt
C. would you learn D. had you learnt
4. As soon as the sun ______, we returned to our hotel.
A. had set B. have set
C. set D. was setting
5. How long ______ in the south before he came here?
A. did Brown live B. was Brown living
C. had Brown lived D. would Brown live
6. When he ______ his lunch he asked for a glass of water.
A. finished B. had finished
C. was finishing D. has finished
7. I ______ the problem until the teacher explained it.
A. didn’t understand B. haven’t understood
C. hadn’t understood D. wasn’t understanding
8. They ______ home when it began to rain.
A. had hardly got B. had no sooner got
C. would get D. was getting
9. The children ran away because they ______ the window.
A. broke B. have broken
C. had broken D. would break
10. The flood destroyed the bridge which ______ by the villagers.
A. was built B. had been built
C. has been built D. was to be built
【答案】1-5 DBDAC 6-10 BCACB
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