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定語從句之專題二
that引導(dǎo)定語從句（系統(tǒng)講解內(nèi)在原理）
（本文節(jié)選自高偉《魔方英語語法》第十一章第四節(jié)。已經(jīng)登記版權(quán)，請(qǐng)勿用于商業(yè)用途。）
（原文標(biāo)題：定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞that的代替和省略）
因?yàn)橐龑?dǎo)詞對(duì)先行詞的復(fù)指（重復(fù)指定），所以，定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞有時(shí)可以代替或省略。（注意，因?yàn)槊麖暮蜖顝臎]有先行詞，所以，名從和狀從的引導(dǎo)詞不能代替或省略。）。如，
●The school which/that/Ø he once studied in is very famous.（由于which復(fù)指先行詞the school，所以，有時(shí)可以代替為that，也可以省略。）
下文中，
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that本身就是為了代替who(m)/which而產(chǎn)生的，同時(shí)也就出現(xiàn)了that與who(m)/which的對(duì)比問題。 |
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5/6講省略 |
that作連詞時(shí)可以省略的情況，和，that作代詞時(shí)可以省略的情況 |
例句（that代替who(m)/which）
●The man ____you met just now is my old friend.
（填who(m)/that/∅。who/that指人。作賓語時(shí)可以省略。）
●The man ____is walking on the playground is my old friend.
（填who/that。who/that指人。作主語時(shí)不能省略。）
●Take the book ____is lying on the table.
（填which/that。which/that指物。）
●Do you know the things and persons____they are talking about？
（先行詞既有人又有物時(shí)，用that。因?yàn)?/SPAN>that可以指人/物，用一個(gè)就可以代替。）
2. that/who(m)/which用法比較表，見下表：
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情況 \ 引導(dǎo)詞 |
who(m)指人 |
which指物 |
that指人/物 |
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①當(dāng)先行詞被強(qiáng)勢(shì)指定時(shí) |
× |
× |
that(人/物) |
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②當(dāng)先行詞是不定代詞時(shí) |
who(m) |
× |
that(人/物) |
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③當(dāng)主句是there be時(shí) |
who(m) |
× |
that(人/物) |
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④當(dāng)引導(dǎo)詞作表語時(shí) |
× |
which (人/物) |
that(人/物) |
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⑤是否能直接作介詞的賓語 |
whom |
which |
× |
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⑥是否能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句 |
who(m) |
which |
× |
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各種情況下的先行詞 |
舉例 |
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①先行詞被強(qiáng)勢(shì)指定時(shí)，宜用that。如，the+最高級(jí)+n.；序數(shù)詞+n.；the only/very/same/last+n. |
This is the most interesting film that I have ever seen. This is the first American film that I have ever seen. This is the only thing that we can do. |
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②先行詞是指物的不定代詞時(shí)，宜用that。如，something/anything等；all/few等（+指物名詞）。 |
I want to buy something that will make me look younger. He was talking with somebody who(m)/that I didn’t know. |
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先行詞是指人的不定代詞時(shí)，宜用who(m)/that。如，somebody/anybody等；all/few等（+指人名詞）。 |
All the people who/that present burst into tears. You should hand in all (the things) that you have. All the books, which had pictures in them were sent to the little girl.（有all但非限定，則用which。） |
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③主句是there be句型時(shí)，先行詞指人用who(m)/that，先行詞指物用that。 |
There’re some people who/that have holidays in There is a seat in the corner that is still available. |
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④引導(dǎo)詞在從句中作指人表語時(shí)，要用that或which，不能用who(m)。 |
He is not the man that he was.（用that作指人表語） The policeman was completely trusted, which in fact he was.（在非限制性定從中，用which作指人表語。） |
注：⑤的例句見第四節(jié).六.6。⑥的例句見第五節(jié).一。
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