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攻克省略難題的五大方法
作者：周天教（湖南）
來(lái)源：《第二課堂（高中版）》，2005年第07期（pp43-47)
省略是指在不影響句子意思明了、清楚的前提下，將句子中的某些成分省略掉，從而使所表達(dá)的內(nèi)容更加緊湊和簡(jiǎn)潔。近年來(lái)，許多高考試題為增加其靈活性和考查考生綜合運(yùn)用語(yǔ)言的能力，經(jīng)常利用省略這一手段來(lái)編制試題，或考查考生對(duì)省略句的判斷和理解，或借省略為干擾考查其他相關(guān)知識(shí)點(diǎn)，并因此出現(xiàn)了不少同學(xué)們望而生畏的難題，本文擬就如何應(yīng)對(duì)這類試題作一分析，并為同學(xué)們介紹五大攻克省略難題的方法。
一、整句還原法
所謂整句還原法，即指通過(guò)分析題干所提供的情景或句子結(jié)構(gòu)，將命題者省略的部分補(bǔ)充完整，然后再根據(jù)完整的句子進(jìn)行分析和答題。如：
1. “What were you trying to prove to the police?” “_____ I was last night.”
A. That B. When C. Where D. What
分析：此題應(yīng)選 C，其余三項(xiàng)均有可能誤選。做對(duì)此題的關(guān)鍵是要明確答語(yǔ)部分為省略句，若將其補(bǔ)充完整，即為：I was trying to prove to the police where I was last night. 其中where 引導(dǎo)的是一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)從句。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏匆韵骂愃圃囶}：
(1) “What made her so happy?” “_____ her son passed the college entrance examinations.”
A. That B. 不填 C. Since D. For
此題選A，若將其補(bǔ)充完整，即為：That her son passed the college entrance examinations made her so happy.
(2) “What made you so upset?” “_____ my wallet.”
A. Lost B. Losing C. Having lost D. Being lost
此題選B，若將其補(bǔ)充完整，即為：Losing my wallet made me so upset.
(3) “What did she tell you?” “_____ she would be late”
A. That B. When C. Where D. Whether
此題選A，若將其補(bǔ)充完整，即為：She told me that she would be late.
2. I want to improve my English, but I don’t know _____. What can you suggest?
A. when B. how C. why D. where
分析：此題應(yīng)選 B，其余三項(xiàng)均有可能誤選，其實(shí)此句為省略句，若將此句補(bǔ)充完整，即為：…but I don’t know how to improve my English. 請(qǐng)看以下類似試題：
(1) I think the door is locked, but I’d better go and make sure it ____.
A. does B. has C. was D. is
答案選D，為 …and make sure it is locked 之省略。
(2) Dr Black comes from either
A. where B. there C. which D. that
答案選C，為I can’t remember which city he comes from 之省略。
(3) He didn’t sell half as many computers as he thought he _____.
A. had B. was C. would D. sold
答案選C，為He didn’t sell half as many computers as he thought he would sell 之省略。
二、常識(shí)語(yǔ)境法
常識(shí)語(yǔ)境法指的是，同學(xué)們?cè)谘a(bǔ)充省略成分時(shí)要充分考慮句子本身的語(yǔ)境，有時(shí)還要結(jié)合一定的生活常識(shí)和學(xué)科常識(shí)，即補(bǔ)充完整的句子不僅要符合語(yǔ)法，而且要符合情理。如：
1. “I like you more than her, my dear.” “You mean more than ____love her or more than she loves ____?”
A. you, me B. she, you C. I, me D. I, you
分析：做對(duì)此題的關(guān)鍵是要弄清填空句是個(gè)省略句，補(bǔ)充完整為 You mean that you love me more than you love her or that you love me more than she loves me? 句意為“你是說(shuō)你愛(ài)我勝過(guò)你愛(ài)她，還是說(shuō)你愛(ài)我勝過(guò)她愛(ài)我？”，所以答案應(yīng)選A。若選其他答案，從語(yǔ)法上也是對(duì)的，但不合情理。
2. Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has _____IQ.
A. a high B. a higher C. the higher D. the highest
分析：此題答案為B。此句實(shí)為Boris has brains. In fact, I doubt whether anyone in the class has a higher IQ than him之省略。省略than him后不僅句意仍然清楚，而且顯得更為簡(jiǎn)潔。句意為“……我懷疑班上有沒(méi)有哪個(gè)人比他智商更高”，即“我認(rèn)為他可能是班上智商最高的”。請(qǐng)?jiān)倏匆韵骂愃频念}目(分析理由同上，答案均選A)：
(1) How beautifully she sings! I have never heard _____ voice.
A. a better B. a best C. the better D. the best
(2) “I’ve never found _______ job.” “Congratulations.”
A. a better B. a best C. the better D. the best
(3) “What do you think of the service here?” “Oh, wonderful. We couldn’t have found _______ place.”
A. a better B. a best C. the better D. the best
(4) How cold it is! We’ve never had ______ day this winter.
A. a colder B. a cold C. the coldest D. the colder
三、一致驗(yàn)證法
所謂一致驗(yàn)證法，即指在補(bǔ)充省略成分時(shí)，要注意考慮句子結(jié)構(gòu)的前后一致性，此法尤其適合于做因承前省略而擬編的試題。如：
1. I think I can fix it tomorrow. If ______, you’ll have to wait till Friday.
A. not B. can’t C. don’t D. won’t
分析：答案應(yīng)選A。if not為if I can’t fix it tomorrow 之省略。其中的if I can’t fix it tomorrow與前面的 I can fix it tomorrow一致。注意，此題不能選B，因?yàn)榫渥右咽÷粤酥髡Z(yǔ)。下面請(qǐng)?jiān)倏匆粋�(gè)類似的例子：
If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If _____, _____.
A. not, not B. no, no C. not, no D. no, not
此題應(yīng)選A。If not, not. 為 If the weather is NOT fine, we will NOT go. 全句意為“如果天氣好, 我們就去；如果天氣不好，我們就不去”。該句的特點(diǎn)是：后句與前句的用詞和句式完全相同, 只是前句為肯定，后句為否定，為了簡(jiǎn)潔起見(jiàn), 于是將后句與前句相同部分省略，只保留否定詞 not。
2. They are different in form but _____ in meaning.
A. not B. no C. aren’t D. don’t
分析：答案選A，but not in meaning為 but they are not different in meaning 之省略。又如：
(1) In the accident the child was hurt, but the mother _____.
A. killing B. to kill C. killed D. kill
答案選C，but the mother killed 為 but the mother was killed 之省略。
(2) The apartment’s fine for two people, but _____.
A. no more B. no any C. not more D. not any (m.52ysedu.com)
答案選C，but not more 為 but it is not fine for more than two people 之省略。
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