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三、漢化句式

漢語與英語在句子結(jié)構(gòu)上存在很大區(qū)別。漢語的特點之一就是“動詞用得較多，除大量的動賓結(jié)構(gòu)外，還有連動式或兼語式等兩個以上動詞連用的現(xiàn)象。而英語則不然，一句話往往只用一個謂語動詞。”（呂瑞昌等，1994：26）與漢語相比，英語的名詞和介詞用得較多。因此，漢譯英時，需要對原文進行分析，將其中的主要動詞翻譯成謂語部分，對其他動詞需要進行詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，處理成名詞或介詞短語等形式。但在該白皮書中，譯文沒有進行這種轉(zhuǎn)換處理，導致出現(xiàn)大量帶有兩個或以上謂語動詞、語意重心混亂的漢化句子。

1. 國家頒布《關(guān)于在全國推進城市社區(qū)建設(shè)的意見》、《關(guān)于加強和改進社區(qū)服務(wù)工作的意見》等一系列政策文件，采取積極措施，加大投入力度，加強社區(qū)建設(shè)與服務(wù)工作，為包括廣大老年人的社區(qū)居民提供多種便民利民服務(wù)，使老年人居家養(yǎng)老的服務(wù)環(huán)境不斷改善。

The state has promulgated a series of policies and documents, such as Opinions on Promoting Urban Community Construction Nationwide and Opinions on Strengthening and Improving Community Services, and has taken active measures, increased its input, strengthened community construction and service work, so as to provide diversified and more convenient services to community residents, including the aged, and to constantly improve the social service environment for them.

問題：分析原文可以看出，“加大投入力度，加強社區(qū)建設(shè)與服務(wù)工作”應(yīng)該是“采取積極措施”的具體說明，不是并列關(guān)系。因此，在翻譯時，不應(yīng)該都處理成謂語動詞。而就譯文本身來說，也存在問題。按照英語習慣，在存在并列的情況下，應(yīng)該在最后一個謂語動詞即這里的strengthened之前加and，而不是在第二個動詞has taken active measures前加and。另外，“政策文件”應(yīng)該是一個偏正結(jié)構(gòu)，而不是并列結(jié)構(gòu)，

2. 各地把青少年作為宣傳教育的重點，將敬老教育內(nèi)容納入中小學教學課程，在青少年中開展“敬老愛老助老主題教育活動”，弘揚敬老養(yǎng)老的社會風尚。

Local governments target teenagers for education in respect for senior citizens, include relevant content in primary and middle school courses, and conduct the Educational Activity of Respecting, Loving and Helping Senior Citizens among teenagers, and boost a sound social environment for giving respect to and providing for the aged.

問題：通過分析可以看出，原文中第一句話“各地把青少年作為宣傳教育的重點”為語意重心，中間的兩句“將敬老教育內(nèi)容納入中小學教學課程，在青少年中開展‘敬老愛老助老主題教育活動’”是說明開展宣傳教育的方式，最后一句“弘揚敬老養(yǎng)老的社會風尚”說明開展這些活動的目的。譯文卻

3. 國家鼓勵有條件的地方建立養(yǎng)老基地，發(fā)放養(yǎng)老補貼和高齡津貼，積極改善老年人的生活。

The state encourages areas with adequate capacity to build homes for the aged, grant old-age subsidies and, for those over the age of 80, a special allowance in order to improve the lives of elderly people.

問題：這句話受漢語結(jié)構(gòu)影響明顯，存在賓補搭配不當問題。另外，整個句子結(jié)構(gòu)也很別扭。建議改為：The State encourages the establishment of homes for the aged and the provision of old-age subsidies and a special allowance for those over the age of 80 so as to improve their lives.

4. 積極發(fā)展多種形式的保障制度，把農(nóng)村特殊老年群體優(yōu)先納入社會保障范圍。

China actively develops social security systems of various forms, and priority is given to a special group of elderly people to be covered in the social security system in rural areas.

問題：這句譯文明顯受中式思維的影響。建議改為：China has developed various kinds of social security systems, with the elderly people in rural areas as the priority target.

5. 國家尊重和保護老年人合法權(quán)益，充分運用法律和道德等手段，加強老年人權(quán)益保障工作，促進老年人各項合法權(quán)益的實現(xiàn)。

The Chinese government respects and protects the legitimate rights and interests of elderly people, and employs legal and ethical means to strengthen this work so as to promote realization of legitimate rights and interests of the aged.

問題：譯文沒有按照英語表達習慣對原文進行重新組織，而是按照原委秩序翻譯，結(jié)果導致語意重心不突出。試比較：The Chinese government respects and protects the legitimate rights and interests of elderly people, and strives for their realization through legal and ethical means.

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